Schizophrenia (pronounced /ˌskɪtsɵˈfrɛniə/ or /ˌskɪtsɵˈfriːniə/), from the Greek Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning the Archaic , Classical (c. 5th–4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic (c. 3rd century BC–6th century AD) periods of ancient Greece and the ancient world. It is predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek. Its Hellenistic phase is known as Koine (" roots skhizein (σχίζειν, "to split") and phrēn, phren- (φρήν, φρεν-; "mind") is a psychiatric Psychiatry is a medical specialty officially devoted to the treatment and study of mental disorders. The term was first coined by the German physician Johann Christian Reil in 1808 diagnosis that describes a neuropsychiatric Neuropsychiatry is the branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system. It preceded the current disciplines of psychiatry and neurology, in as much as psychiatrists and neurologists had a common training . However, neurology and psychiatry subsequently split apart and are typically practised and mental disorder A mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as part of normal development or culture. The recognition and understanding of mental disorders has changed over time and across cultures. Definitions, assessments, and characterized by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality. It most commonly manifests as auditory hallucinations A hallucination, in the broadest sense, is a perception in the absence of a stimulus. In a stricter sense, hallucinations are defined as perceptions in a conscious and awake state in the absence of external stimuli which have qualities of real perception, in that they are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space. The latter, paranoid Paranoia is a thought process heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of irrationality and delusion. Paranoid thinking typically includes persecutory beliefs concerning a perceived threat towards oneself. In the original Greek, παράνοια simply means madness (para = outside; nous = mind). Historically, this or bizarre delusions A delusion, in everyday language, is a fixed belief that is either false, fanciful, or derived from deception. Psychiatry defines the term more specifically as a belief that is pathological . As a pathology, it is distinct from a belief based on false or incomplete information, stupidity, apperception, illusion, or other effects of perception, or disorganized speech and thinking In psychiatry, thought disorder or formal thought disorder is a term used to describe a pattern of disordered language use that is presumed to reflect disordered thinking. It is usually considered a symptom of psychotic mental illness, although it occasionally appears in other conditions with significant social or occupational dysfunction. Onset of symptoms typically occurs in young adulthood,[1] with around 0.4–0.6%[2][3] of the population affected. Diagnosis is based on the patient's self-reported experiences and observed behavior. No laboratory test for schizophrenia currently exists.[4]
Studies suggest that genetics Genetics , a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. However, the modern science of genetics, which seeks to understand the process of, early environment, neurobiology Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. Such studies span the structure, function, evolutionary history, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, informatics, computational neuroscience and pathology of the nervous system, psychological Psychology is an academic and applied discipline which involves the scientific study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors. In the field of psychology, a professional researcher or practitioner is called a psychologist. In addition or opposition to employing scientific methods, psychologists often rely upon symbolic interpretation and and social processes are important contributory factors; some recreational and prescription drugs appear to cause or worsen symptoms. Current psychiatric research is focused on the role of neurobiology, but no single organic cause has been found. As a result of the many possible combinations of symptoms, there is debate about whether the diagnosis represents a single disorder or a number of discrete syndromes. Despite its etymology, schizophrenia is not the same as dissociative identity disorder Dissociative identity disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a condition in which a person displays multiple distinct identities or personalities (known as alter egos or alters), each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the environment. The diagnosis requires that at least two personalities routinely take control of, previously known as multiple personality disorder or split personality, with which it has been erroneously confused.[5]
Increased dopamine Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that occurs in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the brain, this phenethylamine functions as a neurotransmitter, activating the five types of dopamine receptors — D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5, and their variants. Dopamine is produced in several areas of the brain, including the activity in the mesolimbic pathway The mesolimbic pathway is one of the dopaminergic pathways in the brain. The pathway begins in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain and connects to the limbic system via the nucleus accumbens, the amygdala, and the hippocampus as well as to the medial prefrontal cortex. It is known to be involved in modulating behavioral responses to stimuli of the brain is consistently found in schizophrenic individuals. The mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic Antipsychotics are a group of psychoactive drugs commonly but not exclusively used to treat psychosis, which is typified by schizophrenia, but can also be present in severe bipolar disorder, as well as many other conditions. Over time a wide range of antipsychotics have been developed. A first generation of antipsychotics, known as typical medication; this type of drug primarily works by suppressing dopamine activity. Dosages of antipsychotics are generally lower than in the early decades of their use. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy or personal counseling with a psychotherapist, is an intentional interpersonal relationship used by trained psychotherapists to aid a client or patient in problems of living, and vocational and social rehabilitation are also important. In more serious cases—where there is risk to self and others—involuntary hospitalization may be necessary, although hospital stays are less frequent and for shorter periods than they were in previous times.[6]
The disorder is thought to mainly affect cognition Cognition is the scientific term for "the process of thought" to knowing. Usage of the term varies in different disciplines; for example in psychology and cognitive science, it usually refers to an information processing view of an individual's psychological functions. Other interpretations of the meaning of cognition link it to the, but it also usually contributes to chronic problems with behavior and emotion. People with schizophrenia are likely to have additional (comorbid The term dual diagnosis is often applied to the comorbid existence of both a mental disorder and a developmental disability) conditions, including major depression Major depressive disorder is a mental disorder characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. The term "major depressive disorder" was selected by the American Psychiatric Association to designate this symptom cluster as a mood disorder in and anxiety disorders Anxiety disorder is a blanket term covering several different forms of abnormal and pathological fear and anxiety which only came under the aegis of psychiatry at the very end of the 19th century. Current psychiatric diagnostic criteria recognize a wide variety of anxiety disorders. Recent surveys have found that as many as 18% of Americans may be;[7] the lifetime occurrence of substance abuse Although the term substance can refer to any physical matter, substance abuse has come to refer to the overindulgence in and dependence of a drug or other chemical leading to effects that are detrimental to the individual's physical and mental health, or the welfare of others is around 40%. Social problems, such as long-term unemployment, poverty and homelessness, are common. Furthermore, the average life expectancy Life expectancy is the expected number of years of life remaining at a given age. It is denoted by ex, which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now aged x, according to a particular mortality experience. (In technical literature, this symbol means the average number of complete years of life remaining, ie excluding of people with the disorder is 10 to 12 years less than those without, due to increased physical health problems and a higher suicide Suicide is the intentional killing of one's self. The most common cause is an underlying psychiatric disorders which include depression, schizophrenia, alcoholism and drug abuse. Financial difficulties or other undesirable situations play a significant role in the developing world rate.[8]
The term Schizophrenia was coined by Eugen Bleuler Paul Eugen Bleuler was a Swiss psychiatrist most notable for his contributions to the understanding of mental illness and coining the term schizophrenia
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SYDNEY - Researchers have identified a new gene that is linked to . schizophrenia. and bipolar disorder. The gene called ABCA13 is active in the hippocampus (part of the brain where information is transferred into memory) and the cortex ...
Q. I don't know if "psychotic episode" is the right word. But after someone has been having signs of schizophrenia, and the symptoms include not being able to make coherent statements - do they remember later what other people said to them, or what they did or said in that state?
Asked by Serenity Now! - Tue May 26 14:33:21 2009 - - 3 Answers - 0 Comments
A. It depends. If you have disorganized schizophrenia, you can't remember what is happening while it is happening, often. (But disorganized schizophrenia often doesn't inlcude psychotic symptoms) During and after a "psychotic episode" of paranoid schizophrenia (I don't really have episodes, I have psychotic life, so by episode I just mean less severe, not absent symptoms) I can remember every detail. Everything is important. But so would you if you were given the date and time of an alien arrival or something weird like that.
Answered by A.V - Thu May 28 02:54:28 2009
